Layered vanadium oxides, (NayAg1−y)2V4O11 (y=0.77–0.98) are prepared by substituting part of the silver ions in Ag2V4O11 with sodium ions using an ion-exchange reaction in molten nitrate salts. These oxides exhibit less capacity loss during repeated cycl

In this paper, experimental water and thermal balances with three proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are proposed. On the test facility of Ecole des Mines de Paris, three De Nora SPA fuel cell stacks have been successfully studied: An 1 kWe prototype using Nafion® 117, a 5 and a 10 kWe module using Nafion® 115. The averaged water symmetry factor determines strategies to avoid drying membrane. So, we propose analytical solutions to find compromises between humidification and cooling conditions, which determines outlet temperatures of gases. For transport applications, the space occupied by the power module must be reduced. One of the main efforts consists in decreasing the operative pressure. Thus, if adequate cooling power is applied, we show experimentally and theoretically the possibility to use De Nora PEM fuel cells with low pressure, without specific external humidification.