Capacity and cycle-life of batteries using bismuth-bearing oxide

An examination is made of the capacity performance of lead–acid positive electrodes which are prepared from bismuth (Bi)-bearing oxide. This oxide is produced from Pasminco VRLA Refined™ lead which contains 0.05 wt.% Bi. For comparison, benchmark tests are performed on electrodes made from oxide with virtually no bismuth (<0.005 wt.%). The change in capacity is investigated by means of a purpose-built ‘compression cellʹ. With this design, the positive active-material is constrained under the action of a desirable, constant force during charge–discharge cycling. In general, the capacity increases with the compressive force. Importantly, the use of Bi-bearing oxide yields higher initial capacity and then a significantly faster rise in capacity to the full value with subsequent cycling. Commercial VRLA batteries made with Bi-bearing oxide exhibit a lower rate of self-discharge than those fabricated with conventional factory oxide. In addition, Bi-bearing batteries provide good cycle-life under the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) test.