Key factors for the cycling stability of graphite intercalation electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

Aspects of the charge loss during the first cycle and the cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries are discussed as functions of water and oxygen impurities in their electrolyte solutions. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry revealed different decomposition products depending on the water content. Carbon black, copper particles, and nickel particles were added to the graphite electrodes in order to improve their cycling stability.