In situ Raman spectroscopic studies of electrochemical intercalation in LixMn2O4-based cathodes

Raman spectra of spinel LixMn2O4 (x=1.0 and 1.1) were recorded in situ during electrochemical intercalation of lithium ions. We demonstrate that phases and structural modifications in these compounds can be identified using Raman spectroscopy. In stoichiometric LiMn2O4, Raman spectral results indicated that a single-phase reaction is followed by a two-phase reaction and then by another single phase reaction when lithium is deintercalated from the spinel compound (0.1