Tin and tin-based intermetallics as new anode materials for lithium-ion cells

The galvanostatic cycling behaviour of Sn/SnSb composite electrodes has been studied in 1 mol l−1 LiClO4/propylene carbonate (PC), 1 mol l−1 LiPF6/ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1:1), and 1 mol l−1 LiClO4/PC saturated with trans-decalin (t-Dec). Capacities between 500 and 600 mA h g−1 (with respect to the mass of active material) were obtained. Reasons for the irreversible capacities are given and film formation on lithium storage metals and alloys is discussed. The observed coulombic efficiencies were slightly higher for the EC-containing electrolyte than for the PC-based one. Alternatively, improved efficiencies and stand-time behaviour were obtained when the PC electrolyte was saturated with t-Dec, which acts as a surfactant.