Nafion/sulfated β-cyclodextrin composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells

Proton-conducting composite membranes based on H+-form sulfated β-cyclodextrin (sb-CD) in a Nafion matrix are prepared via the solution-casting method and their methanol permeabilities, proton conductivities, proton diffusion coefficients and cell performances are measured. The methanol permeabilities of the composite membranes increase very slightly with increases in their sb-CD content. As a result of adding sb-CD with its many sulfonic acid groups into the Nafion matrix, the proton conductivities of the composite membranes increase with increases in their sb-CD content. The methanol permeability and proton conductivity results are used to show that the best selectivity of the membranes is that of the NC5 membrane (‘NCx’ denotes a Nafion/sb-CD composite membrane containing x wt.% sb-CD). The proton diffusion coefficients are measured with 1H pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) and found to increase with increase in the sb-CD content in the order NC5 > NC3 > NC1 > NC0. Thus the presence of sb-CD in the Nafion membranes increases the proton diffusion coefficients as well as the proton conductivities, ionic cluster size, water uptakes and the ion-exchange capacities (IECs). A maximum power density of 58 mW cm−2 is obtained for the NC5 membrane. The combination of these effects should lead to an improvement in the performance of direct methanol fuel cells prepared with Nafion/sb-CD composite membranes.