Impedance modeling of intermediate size lead–acid batteries

This presentation continues the study of the dynamic characteristics of lead–acid batteries previously reported into larger cells and batteries. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy combined with fuzzy logic methodology of data analysis was used to characterize 6 V 10 Ah VRLA batteries and larger batteries used in tanks and other vehicles. Equivalent circuits were derived which can be used to estimate state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health.