High-power lead–acid batteries for different applications

High-power lead–acid batteries have been used for a rather long time in various applications, especially for uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) and starting of automobiles. Future automotive service requires, in addition to cold-cranking performance, the combination of high-power capability, a very good charge-acceptance, and an excellent cycle-life. Such applications include stop–start, regenerative braking, and soft, mild and full hybrid vehicles. For UPS, there has been a clear tendency to shorter discharge times and higher discharge rates. During the past decades, the specific power of lead–acid batteries has been raised steadily and there is still, room for further improvement. This paper gives an overview of the progress made in the development of high-power lead–acid batteries and focuses on stationary and automotive applications.