Development and validation of a series of three-dimensional finite element models of the equine metacarpus

Three-dimensional finite element (FE) models of the left metacarpi of five adult horses were developed from quantitative computed tomography data, using the algorithms of Keyak et al. (1990, J Biomed. Engng12, 389–397). The metacarpi were then equipped with 12 rosette strain gauges and loaded non-destructively in a mechanical testing machine. The bones and the models were loaded in axial compression, with the load evenly distributed across the distal row of carpal bones, and with a point load placed mediad to the sagittal midline, to a load equivalent to three times body weight (−15 kN); and in sagittal four-point bending to −2 kN. Maximum and minimum principal strains from the models were compared with those at the strain gauge rosettes. There were significant (p< 0.001) and strong (0.69