Mapping the depth dependence of shear properties in articular cartilage

Determining the depth dependence of the shear properties of articular cartilage is essential for understanding the structure–function relation in this tissue. Here, we measured spatial variations in the shear modulus G of bovine articular cartilage using a novel technique that combines shear testing, confocal imaging and force measurement. We found that G varied by up to two orders of magnitude across a single sample, exhibited a global minimum 50–250 μm below the articular surface in a region just below the superficial zone and was roughly constant at depths >1000 μm (the “plateau region”). For plateau strains γplateau≈0.75% and overall compressive strains ε≈5%, Gmin and Gplateau were ≈70 and ≈650 kPa, respectively. In addition, we found that the shear modulus profile depended strongly on the applied shear and axial strains. The greatest change in G occurred at the global minimum where the tissue was highly nonlinear, stiffening under increased shear strain, and weakening under increased compressive strain. Our results can be explained through a simple thought model describing the observed nonlinear behavior in terms of localized buckling of collagen fibers and suggest that compression may decrease the vulnerability of articular cartilage to shear-induced damage by lowering the effective strain on individual collagen fibrils.