Sexual dimorphism of gonadal development

Sexual dimorphism is a term describing morphological differences between the sexes, but is often extended to include all differences observed between females and males. Sex differentiation in vertebrates is by definition sexually dimorphic and starts at the level of the sex chromosomes. In this review the sexual dimorphism of gonadal differentiation is discussed, with a focus on human development. In the embryo, the indifferent gonadal anlagen harbours four different cell lineages with bipotential fates dependent on the sex of the individual. The different paths taken by these cell lineages in male and female development are reviewed, along with other sexually dimorphic features of gonadal development. These include sex-determining genes, timing of events, dependence on germ cells, spatial organization of stromal cells, steroidogenic cells types, and other aspects.