Squamous cell cancer of the oesophagus

Squamous cell cancer is the most common neoplasm of the oesophagus worldwide, with an enormous variation in its global incidence. Several risk factors, such as achalasia, Plummer–Vinson syndrome, coeliac disease and nutritional factors, have been identified. The surveillance of patients, especially those with tylosis or caustic ingestion, has been recommended. Vital staining with iodine may improve the diagnosis of early cancer. The endoscopic management of early cancer and dysplasia by minimal invasive techniques such as photodynamic therapy or mucosal resection has become attractive for many of these patients with co-morbidity.