Management of ascites and hepatic hydrothorax

The natural course of patients with cirrhosis is frequently complicated by the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal or pleural cavities and interstitial tissue. Functional renal abnormalities that occur as a consequence of decreased effective arterial blood volume are responsible for fluid accumulation in the form of ascites and hepatic hydrothorax. Ascites is the most common complication of cirrhosis and poses an increased risk for infections, renal failure and mortality. Patients have a poor prognosis and it is estimated that nearly half will die in approximately 2 years without liver transplantation. Hepatic hydrothorax is defined as a pleural effusion greater than 500 mL (mostly right-sided) in patients with cirrhosis without cardiopulmonary disease; the estimated prevalence is approximately 5–10%. Liver transplantation is the most definitive cure for both conditions in those patients that are suitable candidates. However, the mainstay of therapy for minimizing fluid accumulation in both conditions includes sodium restriction and administration of diuretics. This article reviews the most current concepts of pathogenesis, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment of these complications of cirrhosis.