Efficacy of rehabilitative therapy in regional musculoskeletal conditions

This chapter reviews the best evidence for the rehabilitation of regional musculoskeletal conditions. Evidence-based efficacy of different modalities for treatment of musculoskeletal pain is presented, and the value of the patientʹs active participation in the rehabilitation programme is emphasized. The following modalities are commonly included in the holistic approach to patient-centred care and are reviewed: exercise therapy, thermotherapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and alternative therapies such as acupuncture, massage and yoga. A review of cognitive–behavioural strategies in pain management to prevent or treat fear-avoidance behaviour is also presented. Furthermore, the application of biomechanics in treating and preventing musculoskeletal disorders is illustrated. Moreover, the evidence for pain self-management to improve symptoms, health status and decrease the utilization of health care resources and cost is outlined. Finally, an overview will be presented, concerning the application of the evidence for treatment modalities to patient care, with focus on patient-centred, holistic treatment in a supportive setting. The following key questions/issues are addressed. What are the relevant therapeutic modalities for musculoskeletal pain disorders? What is the evidence of efficacy of these modalities in regional musculoskeletal conditions? What is the importance of understanding biomechanics? What is the importance of understanding fear-avoidance beliefs? What is the evidence for ‘alternative’ therapies such as acupuncture, massage or yoga? What is the evidence for ‘pain self-management?’ How does one apply the evidence for rehabilitation in regional musculoskeletal conditions into clinical practice?