T-cell fate and function: PKC-θ and beyond

The serine/threonine-specific protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) is a core component of the immunological synapse that was shown in vitro to play a central role in the activation of T cells after T cell receptor (TCR) and co-stimulatory molecule engagement. In recent years, a series of in vivo studies have shown that the situation is far more complex; specifically, PKC-θ signaling is differentially required for Th1, Th2, Th17 and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses. These studies highlight the combination of signals that directly regulate T-cell differentiation and effector responses. In this review, we highlight recent in vivo studies investigating PKC-θ function and discuss this in the context of how the integration of extrinsic signals determines T cell fate and function.