Confusion and aggression in restrained elderly persons undergoing hip repair surgery

The purpose of this pilot study was to observe and describe the behaviors of confusion and aggression in physically restrained elderly hospitalized persons following hip repair surgery. Five elderly persons who were 75–95 years of age and physically restrained following hip repair surgery comprised the sample of this descriptive study. Descriptive data including age, sex, medical diagnosis, current medications, serum electrolyte and arterial blood gas results, date/time of hip fracture, subsequent surgical repair, and restraint application were obtained from the medical record. Observations of behaviors associated with confusion and aggression were conducted at six separate observation times lasting approximately 20 to 30 minutes each. The observation periods were divided into two mornings, two afternoons, and two evening sessions. These behaviors were assessed by utilizing a combined observational tool developed by the researcher, and was created from the Clinical Assessment of Confusion—A, by Vermeersch, and Ryden Aggression Scale. After data analysis, three patterns of confusion emerged. These were the major pattern of confusion, the minor pattern of confusion, and pattern of confusion relative to time. All patients experienced low serum sodium levels immediately prior to the application of physical restraints. Based on the results of the pilot study, further investigation is needed