Lower extremity joint coupling during running: a current update

Background. The relationship between lower extremity mechanics and injury is not well understood. However, joint coupling studies are beginning to emerge, which may lend further insight into running biomechanics. Purpose. To provide a current review of the research examining lower extremity joint coupling in running. Summary. There are various techniques utilized to measure joint coupling, including joint timing, rearfoot eversion/tibial internal rotation ratios, continuous relative phase calculations, and vector coding. The study of joint coupling is of particular interest as it may pertain to running injuries. There is some evidence that joint coupling may be altered with orthotics and/or with footwear. Most studies have included a relatively small sample size and larger scale studies are needed to quantify normal ranges for many of the coupling measures. In addition, prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship to injury.