Psychopathology in children and adolescents with Touretteʹs syndrome: A controlled study

Objective: Few controlled studies have considered, in paediatric subjects, associations between Touretteʹs syndrome (TS) and psychiatric/behavioural disorders. We conducted a case–control study to verify the reproducibility of the few data published on this topic to date. Method: Cliniciansʹ impression (i.e. structured interviews and usual history taking), standardized psychiatric and behavioural rating scales (CBCL, TAI, CDI, CRS-R:L, Y-GTSS, CY-BOCS) were used to investigate these associations in 17 youngsters with TS and in 17 age- and sex-matched controls. Results: The clinicianʹs diagnoses revealed TS alone in 23.5% of the patients (4/17), TS plus attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 11.8% (2/17), TS plus obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in 41.2% (7/17), and TS plus ADHD and OCD in 23.5% (4/17). No control subject presented ADHD and/or OCD. These clinical findings were confirmed by Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) results. The TS group, compared with the controls, recorded significantly higher CBCL scores in scales relating to the main comorbid conditions. No significant differences emerged on the Childrenʹs Depression Inventory or Test Anxiety Inventory. Conclusion: TS patients have a high prevalence of psychiatric and behavioural problems compared with controls. The CBCL is a rapid and useful screening-diagnostic instrument for highlighting the main psychiatric and behavioural problems in TS.