The 35% CO2 inhalation procedure: test–retest reliability

The subjective response to a single-breath, 35% carbon dioxide challenge test shows promise as a tool for the study of panic disorder and may comprise a trait marker for that disorder. Little has been done to measure the reliability of test results, however. Subjects took a single breath at 35% CO2 and completed a self-rating of anxiety symptoms immediately thereafter. This procedure was repeated after a mean interval of 29 days. One group, considered at high risk for panic disorder, consisted of well, first-degree relatives of individuals treated for panic disorder. The control group included well subjects at high risk for affective disorder and subjects who had family histories negative for both affective disorder and panic disorder. On both testing occasions, subjects at high risk for panic disorder had symptom scores that were significantly higher than those of control subjects. Group differences in the portions who experienced a panic attack were dependent on the symptom threshold used to define an attack. A lower threshold was optimal with the second testing and a single, positive test result appeared to be more meaningful than a single negative result. The majority of individual symptom ratings were highly correlated across tests. Ratings for “smothering sensations,” in particular, correlated highly across tests and consistently discriminated high-risk from control subjects. The sources of test result variability are unclear and warrant more investigation before the tests can be clinically useful. Research efforts should seek optimal thresholds to define positive test results within given data sets.