Prostate cancer screening strategies with re-screening interval determined by individual baseline prostate-specific antigen values are cost-effective

Aims To determine whether prostate cancer screening strategies with re-screening interval determined by individual baseline prostate-specific antigen values are cost-effective. Methods Based on the results of an actual contemporary screening program, we established Markov decision analytic models of prostate cancer screening with personalized re-screening interval strategies using cutoff baseline PSA levels for biennial screening as well as a model of uniformly annual or biennial screening. These strategies were compared in terms of cumulative incidence of early cancer and cost-effectiveness. Results Early cancer detection rates were similar among all strategies. Personalized strategies were more cost-effective compared to uniform screening strategies. If all participants with negative PSA results uniformly omit annual screening, it would be more costly but less effective (dominated). Contrary, annual screening for all participants would cost too much. These results were robust throughout sensitivity analysis incorporating every assumption in the models. Conclusions This study adds important evidence that personalized rescreening strategies based on individual baseline PSA have advantages of cost-effectiveness against conventional uniform strategies.