2,2′-Azobis (4-Methoxy-2,4-Dimethylvaleronitrile), a New Lipid-Soluble Azo Initiator: Application to Oxidations of Lipids and Low-Density Lipoprotein in Solution and in Aqueous Dispersions

Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic azo radical initiators are useful for in vitro studies on lipid peroxidation and its inhibition by antioxidants. In the present study, a new lipophilic azo compound, 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (MeO-AMVN), was introduced and its action as an initiator of lipid peroxidation was examined. MeO-AMVN decomposed about 15 times as fast as 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN), a widely used lipophilic azo initiator, and MeO-AMVN-initiated free radical-mediated peroxidations of lipids in organic solution and in micelles, membranes, and low-density lipoprotein in aqueous dispersions with much smaller concentration than AMVN. The rate of chain initiation by MeO-AMVN varied significantly with the medium and decreased with increasing viscosity of the medium. The advantage and cautions for using MeO-AMVN as a lipophilic radical source have been discussed and it has been concluded that MeO-AMVN, when properly used, is a useful radical initiator of lipid peroxidations especially in micelles, membranes, and lipoproteins.