Enhanced oxidative stress and accelerated cellular senescence in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient human fibroblasts

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is involved in the generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and the maintenance of the cellular redox balance. The biological effects of G6PD deficiency in nucleated cells were studied using G6PD-deficient human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). In contrast to that of normal HFF, the doubling time of G6PD-deficient cells increased readily from population doubling level (PDL) 15 to 63. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of G1 cells. The slow-down in growth preceded an early entry of these cells into a nondividing state reminiscent of cellular senescence. These cells exhibited a significant increase in level of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. The importance of G6PD activity in cell growth was corroborated by the finding that ectopic expression of active G6PD in the deficient cells prevented their growth retardation and early onset of senescence. Mechanistically, the enhanced fluorescence in dichlorofluorescin (H2DCF)-stained G6PD-deficient cells suggests the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species in senescence. Taken together, our results show that G6PD deficiency predisposes human fibroblasts to retarded growth and accelerated cellular senescence. Moreover, G6PD-deficient HFF provides a useful model system for delineating the effects of redox alterations on cellular processes.