Sleep spindle characteristics in healthy subjects of different age groups

Objectives: Few studies have quantified the various characteristics of sleep spindles (SS) in groups of normal human subjects. The aim of the present study was to look at the effects of age on the number, density, duration, intra-spindle frequency, and periodicity of SS during stage 2 sleep in normal subjects of different age groups. Methods: Thirty-six healthy subjects participated in the study. They were divided into 6 age groups: 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59 and 60–69 years. Results: The results show that there is a progressive decrease in SS number, density, duration and a progressive increase in intra-spindle frequency with age. These changes occur mainly in the first 4 decades, except for SS number and density, for which the changes seem to continue until the sixth decade. The present study also reveals a clear periodicity of SS in human sleep. SS occur every 3–6 s, and the modal value of inter-spindle intervals increases with aging. Conclusions: The progressive decrease in the number of SS and slow-wave sleep time with age suggests that SS are part of sleep promoting mechanisms. The negative correlation found between SS density and sleep efficiency in the present study is congruent with the sleep maintenance role of SS.