Mismatch negativity to single and multiple pitch-deviant tones in regular and pseudo-random complex tone sequences

Objectives: To determine whether the process responsible for the mismatch negativity (MMN) might be involved in the analysis of temporal sound patterns for information. Methods: Synthesized musical instrument tones of ‘clarinet’ timbre were delivered in a continuous sequence at 16 tones/s, such that there was virtually no N1 potential to each individual tone. The standard sequence comprised 4 or 5 adjacent notes of the diatonic scale, presented either as a regularly repeated, rising pattern or pseudo-randomly. The deviant stimuli were 1–5 consecutive tones of higher pitch than the standards. Results: A MMN was evoked by a single deviant tone, 1 or 5 semitones above the pitch range of the standards. The response to the 5-semitone deviant was significantly larger (mean of 7.3 μV) when the standard pattern was regular as compared with pseudo-random. The MMN latency, on the other hand, was only influenced by the magnitude of pitch deviation. A second MMN was evoked by a second deviant tone, immediately (SOA 62.5 ms) following the first. Further consecutive MMNs were not consistently evoked. Conclusions: The large amplitude of these MMNs can be attributed to the use of complex tones, continuous presentation and a rapid rate of pitch changes, such that no waveform subtraction was required. Over and above the probability with which each individual tone occurs in the standard sequence, the mismatch process is influenced by its temporal structure, i.e. can be regarded as a temporal pattern analyzer. Contrary to the findings of some other groups, we found that two consecutive deviants can evoke an MMN, even at high rates of presentation such that both occur within the postulated ‘temporal window of integration’ of ca. 170 ms. These findings suggest that the mismatch process might be involved in the extraction of sequential information from repetitive and non-repetitive sound patterns.