Forty-year design life: the next target Material selection and operating conditions in thermal desalination plants,

It is a well known fact that sulphuric acid production is a highly exothermic process. In that sense, combined with the increased energy cost, surprisingly little heat is recovered from the process. Most often the heat is just cooled off by means of seawater or in air coolers. When recovering heat from the absorption and drying tower coolers, only minor changes to the process are needed. With plate heat exchangers (PHEs), the heat in the sulphuric acid can be recovered with negligible temperature losses and minimum space requirements. The PHE can take crossing temperature programs temperature pinches of less than 5°C and still having k-values of about 2500 kW/(°C·m2). The heat recovered can be used for district heating of cities, boiler feed water preheating or as heating media in connected processes or adjacent plants. A very interesting use of this heat is for the production of fresh water by desalination of sea or brackish water, when the sulphuric acid plants are situated close to the coast such as several installations in Middle East and Northern African countries. The thermal duties in the acid coolers are very well adapted for heat recovery in combination with production of fresh water by means of multi effect distillation (MED). Evaporation temperature in a MED system is typically lower than 80°C, and the heating energy required is in the range of 60¯360 kWh per produced m3 of fresh water, depending on the number of effects. There are many advantages, both installation-wise and operation-wise, using PHE for highly efficient sulphuric acid heat recovery and falling film plate evaporators for the thermal surface in the desalination system. The high k-value of the plate system gives smaller heat transfer areas and compact installations.