Histomorphometric analysis of the response of rat tibiae to shape memory alloy (nitinol)

The bone reaction to nitinol (Ni---Ti), a metal with shape memory, and other materials inserted transcortically and extending into the medullary canal of rat tibiae was quantitatively assessed using an image processing system. The materials examined were implants, all of the same shape and size, composed of nitinol, pure titanium (Ti), anodic oxidized Ti (AO---Ti), a titanium alloy (Ti--- 6Al---4V) and pure nickel (Ni). While the other four implant materials were progressively encapsulated with bone tissues, Ni was encapsulated with connective tissues through the 168-day experimental period, and the Ni implants showed no bone contact at any time during the experimental period. Histometric analysis revealed no significant differences among the tissue reactions to Ti, AO---Ti and Ti---6Al---4V, but Ni---Ti implants showed significantly (P < 0.01) lower percentage bone contact and bone contact area than any of the other titanium or titanium alloy materials.