Structural and functional macrophages alterations by ceramics of different composition

Biomaterials may initiate several and complex biological reactions in host tissues, and the cell–biomaterial interactions can determine the release of mediators including monocytes and lymphocytes chemotactic factors. The present work was aimed to investigate in vitro the macrophage biological reactions of a natural apatite obtained by heat treatment at 400°C of bovine bone, compared to other ceramics usually used for dental and orthopedic applications, using synthetic apatite and three types of alumina as controls. Particles chemotactic activity and powders oxidative burst evidenced no monocyte–macrophages sensitivity reaction for natural and synthetic hydroxyapatite powders at great granulometry (>50 μm); data were confirmed by ultrastructural observations; electron microscopy analysis showed macrophages with the features of healthy cells in the presence of both natural and synthetic apatites while macrophages grown in the presence of alumina seemed to be negatively affected. In conclusion, among all ceramics tested, natural apatite displayed a good compatibility with living cells, being better tolerated than synthetic hydroxyapatite which in turn is better tolerated than alumina.