Stimulation of glutathione depletion, ROS production and cell cycle arrest of dental pulp cells and gingival epithelial cells by HEMA

2-Hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is the major component released from resin-modified glass ionomer cements and dental adhesives. Human tissues mainly affected by HEMA are oral epithelium and dental pulp. We treated human gingival epithelial S–G cells and pulp fibroblasts (HPF) with various concentrations of HEMA, to evaluate its effects on cell growth, cell cycle progression, intracellular glutathione (GSH) level and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. HEMA-induced growth inhibition in HPF and S–G cells in a dose-dependent manner, which may be partially explained by induction of cell cycle perturbation. G2/M phase arrest was noted after exposure of HPF to 5 and 10 m of HEMA, concomitant with glutathione depletion and ROS production. S-phase arrest occurred in S–G cells when treated with 2.5 and 5 m , while at 10 m a sub-G0/G1 peak was noted, indicating the potential induction of apoptosis. GSH depletion was marked in S–G cells only at concentrations of 5 and 10 m , but excessive ROS production was noted at concentration of 1 m and rose with dose increase between 1 and 5 m , then lessened at 10 m . This suggested that the increase of ROS in S–G cells was not mainly caused by GSH depletion. These results helped to define the mechanism of the cytotoxicity caused by HEMA.