The Effect of Diclofop on Membrane Potential, Ethylene Induction, and Herbicide Phytotoxicity in Resistant and Susceptible Biotypes of Grasses

Diclofop-methyl (DM) and haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl (HE) are effective inducers of ethylene in susceptible species. Ethylene is a collateral product resulting from oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors, free radical scavengers, and 2,4-D reverse the phytotoxicity of HE and DM, respectively, by interrupting the formation or action of ROS as indicated by the inhibition of ethylene induced by HE and DM. DM caused irreversible damage to apical meristems in susceptible biotypes of Lolium rigidum, Alopecurus myosuroides, and Lolium multiflorum at 10 mM DM within 22-24 h after treatment (HAT). Damage to apical meristems was indicated by the extent of new shoot regrowth from excised stems of the monocots. The apical meristems of all resistant biotypes of the three species were relatively unaffected. DM increased ethylene evolution within 22-24 HAT in susceptible biotypes of L. rigidum, A. myosuroides, and L. multiflorum (177, 224, and 155;pc of control, at 5, 10, and 15 mM DM, respectively). Little or no increase in ethylene formation above their controls was induced by DM in any of the resistant biotypes. The membrane potentials (E;zm) of susceptible L. rigidum and L. multiflorum were depolarized by 10 µM diclofop whereas depolarization of susceptible A. myosuroides required 25 µM diclofop. Repolarization of Emdid not occur in all susceptible biotypes upon removal of diclofop. The Emof all resistant biotypes was unaffected at 10 µM diclofop but, except for L. rigidum (R1), depolarization of Emoccurred at 25 µM diclofop. However, in contrast to the susceptible biotypes, repolarization of Eµm occurred in the resistant biotypes upon removal of exogenous diclofop. The correlation among injury to apical meristem tissues, ethylene induction, and response of Emto diclofop was consistent with the resistance or susceptibility of the biotypes to DM. Oxidative stress resulting in the formation of ROS is the most likely lethal mechanism of action of DM.