Fear of water in children and adults: Etiology and familial effects

Water-fearful children (non-swimmers, 5–8 yr) and adults (non-swimmers or late learners, 23–73 yr) were compared with non-fearful controls of similar swimming ability. Parallel assessments were carried out with children and adults to investigate water-related experiences, water fear and competence in parents and siblings, and the relationship of water fear to other fear dimensions. Children were assessed behaviorally and by self and motherʹs report, adults by self-report. In neither children nor adults was there clear evidence that fearful and non-fearful groups differed in incidence of aversive water-related experience before fear onset. Parents usually believed that childrenʹs fear was present at first contact. In both samples, we found parent-offspring and sibling resemblances in fear. Analysis of details of childrenʹs contact with parents suggested that social learning within the family decreased water fear rather than increasing it; when both child and parent showed fear, that was as likely to reflect genetic influences as modeling. Young childrenʹs water fear forms part of a generic cluster, fear of the Unknown or Danger, while in adults it becomes independent of generic fears.