Effect of simvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, on α-fetoprotein gene expression through interaction with the ras-mediated pathway

Background/Aims: The ras proto-oncogene encodes a small GTP-binding protein (Ras) which regulates cell growth and differentiation by relaying signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. In the present study, the role of Ras signal transduction pathway in α-fetoprotein (AFP) gene expression was evaluated in HuH-7 human hepatoma cells using simvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, which blocks Ras function through inhibition of farnesylation, and the rasval-12 expression vector. Methods: The HuH-7 cells were treated with simvastatin (10 μmol/l), or both simvastatin and mevalonate (300 μmol/l), and numbers of viable cells were counted after treatment. To elucidate the effects of simvastatin on AFP gene expression and the interactive effect of simvastatin on Ras signal transduction pathway, Northern blotting and transient chloramphenicol acetyltransferase plasmid transfection assays were performed. Results: Cell growth was inhibited by simvastatin, and this growth inhibition was restored by addition of mevalonate. Levels of AFP mRNA but not albumin mRNA were elevated by simvastatin in a dose-dependent manner (1–10 μmol/l). AFP promoter and enhancer activities were stimulated by simvastatin. In contrast, both activities were repressed by transfection with the rasval-12expression vector. The rasval-12-mediated repression was restored by simvastatin and returned to the repressed level by simvastatin plus mevalonate. Conclusions: These results indicate that the Ras signal transduction pathway functions to down-regulate the AFP gene transcription in human hepatoma cells.