Pleiotropic effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker in hypertensive patients

Objectives We investigated the vascular effects of candesartan in hypertensive patients. Background The renin-angiotensin system may contribute to atherogenesis through the promotion of endothelial dysfunction. The plausible mechanisms are that angiotensin II promotes superoxide anion generation, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and impaired fibrinolysis. The effects of candesartan on these conditions have not been clearly observed. Methods We administered placebo or candesartan 16 mg daily during two months to 45 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in design. Results Candesartan did not significantly change lipoprotein levels. However, compared with placebo, candesartan significantly reduced plasma levels of malondialdehyde from 1.50 ± 0.07 to 1.29 ± 0.09 μM (p = 0.009); improved the percent flow-mediated dilator response to hyperemia from 5.17 ± 0.24 to 6.22 ± 0.26% (p < 0.001); and, furthermore, reduced plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) from 213 ± 8 to 190 ± 7 pg/ml (p = 0.003), tumor necrosis factor-alpha from 2.93 to 2.22 pg/ml (p = 0.026), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 from 74 ± 4 to 53 ± 4 ng/ml (p < 0.001) but not C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase protein, and fibrinogen. There were no significant correlations between these changes and reduction of systolic blood pressure (BP) (−0.247 ≤ r ≤ 0.195) and between these changes and reduction of diastolic BP (−0.262 ≤ r ≤ 0.197). There were no significant correlations between markers of inflammation and flow-mediated dilation percent or reduction of oxidant stress (−0.119 ≤ r ≤ 0.127). Furthermore, we observed no significant correlations between CRP and MCP-1 levels (r = −0.162). Conclusions Inhibition of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor in hypertensive patients reverses endothelial dysfunction, measured as an improvement in flow-mediated dilation and fibrinolysis and reduction of oxidant stress and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that AT1 receptor blocker therapy has antiatherogenic effects.