Androgens Up-Regulate Atherosclerosis-Related Genes in Macrophages From Males But Not Females: Molecular Insights Into Gender Differences in Atherosclerosis

Objectives This study investigated the effects of androgens on gene expression in male- and female-donor macrophages. Background Men have more severe coronary disease than women. Androgen exposure increases foam cell formation in male but not female macrophages, and male macrophages express >4-fold more androgen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid than female macrophages. Therefore, androgen exposure may have gender-specific and potentially pro-atherogenic effects in macrophages. Methods Utilizing complementary deoxyribonucleic acid arrays, we studied the effects of a pure androgen (dihydrotestosterone, 40 nmol/l) on human monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy male and female donors (n = 4 hybridizations; 2 men, 2 women). Differential expression of atherosclerosis-related genes was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in five male and five female donors. Functional corroboration of foam cell formation-related findings was undertaken by experiments using 125I-acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL). Results In male macrophages, androgen treatment produced differential up-regulation of 27 genes concentrated in five functional classes: 1) lipoprotein processing; 2) cell-surface adhesion; 3) extracellular signaling; 4) coagulation and fibrinolysis; and 5) transport protein genes. By contrast, none of 588 genes were up-regulated in female macrophages. By RT-PCR, we confirmed the gender-specific up-regulation of six of these atherosclerosis-related genes: acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyl transferase I, lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), caveolin-2, CD40, vascular endothelial growth factor-165 receptor, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Functionally, androgen-treated male macrophages showed increased rates of lysosomal AcLDL degradation, by 45% to 75% after 15 to 20 h of 125I-AcLDL incubation (p = 0.001), consistent with increased LAL activity. Conclusions Androgens increase expression of atherosclerosis-related genes in male but not female macrophages, with functional consequences. These findings may contribute to the male predisposition to atherosclerosis.