Does womenʹs work improve their nutrition: Evidence from the urban Philippines

Womenʹs market work in developing countries is thought to improve their well-being directly through increased income for health-related purchases and indirectly through elevating womenʹs status within the household. While a number of studies have looked at the effects of womenʹs work and the cost of womenʹs time on child nutrition and welfare, the direct effects of womenʹs work on their own welfare have been largely untested. Using data on 1963 urban Filipino women from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, we examined the relationship between womenʹs work and their dietary intakes of energy, protein, fat, calcium, and iron from home and commercially prepared foods. Determinants equations for home and commercial intakes were estimated simultaneously to adjust for non-independence. Appropriate methods were used to deal with selectivity, endogeneity, and unobserved heterogeneity. Nearly half (48%) of the women worked for pay, and commercially prepared foods made up an important part of working womenʹs diets. Not only did womenʹs work improve the quality of their diets, but there were strong distributional implications; lower-income women gained more than higher-income women. Employment sector also influenced womenʹs dietary patterns. Informal non-wage work was associated with increased intakes, whereas formal sector work was associated with decreased intakes. Positive effects of work in the informal sector were greater for women from low-income households. Policy implications of the dietary benefits of informal non-wage work for low-income women are discussed.