Marital fertility in Lebanon: a study based on the population and housing survey

This study tested the general economic theory of fertility within the contextual setting of the Lebanese society, by using the 1996 Population and Housing Database Survey. The theory argues that the householdʹs demand for a child is closely related to different services and utilities ascribed to that child. It also claims that fertility as such is income-inelastic, but becomes positively associated with the householdʹs income when the notion of child-quality is added to the model. Findings confirm the baseline inverse association between an index of the householdʹs socioeconomic status (HSES) and the cumulative fertility level. However, when womenʹs education was added to the model, an interaction was observed whereby the illiterate subgroup — unlike the educated — was at higher risk of having a large number of children with improvement in their economic conditions. A similar interaction was found between womenʹs and husbandʹs education. It was concluded that in response to higher socioeconomic status, illiterate women end up supplying an excess number of children, an effect mediated by the shortening of lactation period, which is in turn triggered by a higher access to breast milk substitutes. On the other hand, their educated husbands demand ‘child quantity’ since this educational gap grants them more power to decide their family size. In contrast, educated women demand child ‘quality’ as they expect both material and opportunity costs of having a child to coincide with the norms and values of their social class. Their lower supply of births with increased economic well-being is primarily attributed to a higher use of modern contraceptive methods. Other factors investigated in this study included the potential effect of family structure on fertility, and control was done on a number of other sociocultural and demographic variables, such as womenʹs work status, husbandʹs occupation, age at marriage and area of residence.