Preliminary Report of a Genetic Basis for Cognitive Decline After Cardiac Operations

Background. Changes in memory and cognition frequently follow cardiac operations. We hypothesized that patients with the apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele are genetically predisposed to cognitive dysfunction after cardiac operations. Methods. The apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele was evaluated as a predictor variable for postoperative cognitive dysfunction in 65 patients undergoing cardiac bypass grafting at Duke University Medical Center. The primary outcome measure was performance on a cognitive battery administered preoperatively and at 6 weeks postoperatively. Results. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis including apolipoprotein E-ε4, preoperative score, age, and years of education, a significant association was found between apolipoprotein E-ε4 and change in cognitive test score in measures of short-term memory at 6 weeks postoperatively. Patients with lower educational levels were more likely to show a decline in cognitive function associated with the apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele. Conclusions. This study suggests that apolipoprotein E genotype is related to cognitive dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiac surgical patients may be susceptible to deterioration after physiologic stress as a result of impaired genetically determined neuronal mechanisms of maintenance and repair.