Divalent cations influence colon cancer cell adhesion in a murine transplantable tumor model

Background Cancer cells adhere principally by integrins, matrix receptors that may be influenced by divalent cations. Surgical wound fluid is high in Mg2+ and low in Ca2+. We hypothesized that Mg+ and Mn2+ promote perioperative adhesion of shed cancer cells to surgical sites and that washing surgical wounds with Ca2+ inhibits implantation. Methods We tested our hypothesis in a murine colon 26 adenocarcinoma model. We added 10 mmol/L CaCl2, 0.25 mmol/L MgCl2, or 0.5 mmol/L MnCl2 to suspended murine colon 26 cancer cells and placed these suspensions into wounds in anesthetized mice. After 30 minutes, we washed away nonadherent cells. In some studies, we 51Cr-labeled the cells and assayed tumor adhesion by wound radioactivity. In parallel studies, we closed the wounds and observed the mice for 90 days. Results Mg2+ increased adhesion to 188% ± 15% of control (n = 10, P < .001) and Mn2+ to 130% ± 6% (n = 7, P < .001). However, Ca2+ inhibited adhesion to 61% ± 12% (n = 7, P = .006) of control. Seventy-two percent of survival controls developed tumors during follow-up. Mg2+ and Mn2+ stimulated tumor formation to 96% and 92%, respectively, but adding Ca2+ to the wounds reduced subsequent tumor formation to 56% without altering serum Ca2+. The survival curves each differed significantly by log-rank test (P < .01 each). All pair-wise multiple comparisons were significant (Holm-Sidak, P < .05 each). Conclusion Thus, the high Mg2+ in endogenous wound fluid may potentiate tumor cell adhesion. However, 10 μmol/L Ca2+ inhibits cancer cell adhesion to murine wounds and subsequent tumor development. Irrigating with dilute CaCl2 could decrease local tumor recurrence by inhibiting the adhesion of shed tumor cells.