Power spectral analysis of heart period variability in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy

This study aimed to characterize sympathovagal balance by heart period power spectrum analysis in hypertensive patients with echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Twenty ambulatory patients (11 men and 9 women), aged 50 ± 10 years, with established essential hypertension and echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, performed 24-h blood pressure monitoring and electrocardiogram Holter recording on 2 consecutive days. Twenty age- and sex-matched normal subjects comprised the control group. Power spectrum analysis, performed using the fast Fourier transform algorithm, demonstrated lower values of low and high frequency power in hypertensives than in controls, while ultralow and very low frequency power were similar in the two groups. Very low frequency, low frequency, and high frequency power increased during the night in both groups, showing a similar circadian pattern. We found a direct correlation between daytime systolic (r = 0.51; P< .05) and diastolic (r = 0.52; P< .05) blood pressure and left ventricular mass index. Moreover, negative correlations were found between left ventricular mass index and low frequency (r = -0.47; P< .05) and high frequency power (r = -0.47; P< .05). There was a direct correlation between nighttime decrease in systolic blood pressure and nighttime increase in high frequency power (r = 0.45; P< .05). As 24-h low frequency and high frequency power, obtained using the Fourier transform algorithm, both reflect the parasympathetic modulation of heart rate, our results demonstrate that hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy are characterized by a sympathovagal imbalance with a reduction of vagal tone that is more evident with increasing severity of hypertension.