دراسه حول اتجاه الشيوخ الصفويين نحو التطورات الداخليه لـ«طريقه» اردبيل حتي اعلان الشاه اسماعيل التشيعَ

جستار حاضر در پي يافتن مولفه‌هاي موثر در رفتار و باور تاريخي –سياسي شيوخ اردبيل پيش از شكل گيري صفويه و ميزان تاثيرپذيري از جنبش هاي هم رفت تاريخي آن است. در ميانه‌ي قرن هفتم، شاهد رويش و زايش ديني در طريقت صفوي، ناشي از حدوث خلا سياسي، اعتقادي به دنبال هجوم مغول از يك طرف و زوال ساختار خلافت از طرف ديگر مي باشيم. بين قرن هفتم تا دهم هجري، بهره برداري سه سويه از خويشاوندي سببي با آق قويونلوها و مولفه غزا در بستر سياسي وبسامد سازي غلّو در بستر مذهبي، پيروزي شيوخ طريقت اردبيل را به ارمغان مي آورد. هجوم مغول، در جنبه اثباتي به فزوني يافتن گرايش به تصوف به عنوان گرانيگاه معنوي توده هاي عامه مردم كمك كرد و امكان خيزش، جهت تشكيل دولت سياسي صفوي در قرن دهم را فراهم ساخت. در عين حال، معطوف سازي طريقت به تصاحب قدرت سياسي، باگردش دروني در طريقت صفوي و گرايش به غلّو و حفظ وحدت رويه با ديگر خيزش هاي صوفيانه قرن هشتم و نهم به نحو كارآمدي صورت مي گيرد. پژوهش حاضر به روش تاريخي و وصفي و ضمن مطالعه كتابخانه‌اي مي‌كوشد پاسخي براي اين سوال بيابد كه انديشه‌ي ديني در طريقت صوفيانه اردبيل قبل از تشكيل دولت صفوي چگونه بوده ورويكرد شيوخ صفوي به انديشه‌ي عاليانه، تحت تاثير جه عواملي صورت گرفته است. نتايج گوياي آن است كه هرچند بعد از تهاجم مغول وقوت گرفتن پايگاه تصوف، طريقت هاي صوفيانه وغاليانه دچار چرخش دروني شدند: اما نكته اين است كه صفويان، برجسته ترين عامل جنبش هاي صوفيانه اين دوران بودند كه موفق به تشكيل دولتي فراگير گشتند.

The current paper tries to find out effective components in historical and political behaviors and beliefs of Ardebil sheikhs before the emergence of Safavid as well as the extent of influence from other contemporary historical movements. In the middle of the 7th century, we are witness to the growth and reproduction in Safavid faith arising from political vacuum after the invasion of Mongols on the one hand, and declining caliphate structure on the other hand. Between 7th and 10th centuries AH, the tripartite operation from casual relationship with Aghkoyunlulars, crusade component in the political bed, and frequency of rhetoric in religious domain, made the faith of Ardabil Sheikhs successful. Mongol invasion helped increase Sufi tendency as a mental base (fulcrum) of public and made the Safavid government in 10th century possible. At the same time, turning the faith in gaining political power effectively with internal transformation in Safavid creed tends to crusade and keeping with the precedents of other Sufi movements of 8th and 9th centuries. Although the marriage of Safi al-Din Ardebili with the daughter of Sheikh Ibrahim Zahed Gilani, was the beginning of recourses to Sufism and from components of legitimacy with Iranian-Shiite basis and problems arising out of Mongols as well as peoples’ need made an inclination towards miracle, but the assumption of some researchers in equalizing Iranian thought with Shia culture in order to select a leader or introduce it as an outcome of Safavid politics lack any religious base. Thus, theories of Tomas Burn, Rojer Sivry and Valter Heints regarding similarity and matching the Shiite believe with other cults are reviewable. In fact, taking into account the library approach, the current study tries to find the answer of the question as: "How was the religious thought of Ardebil creed prior to the formation of the Safavid government? And which factors affected the approach of Safavid Sheikhs the most?” Although, the Mongol invasion and strengthening of Sufism caused Sufi and Ghalian faith with internal transformation but the point is that, Safavids were the most prominent factor of Sufi movements at that time that were successful in forming an inclusive government.