Thioctic acid amides: convenient tethers for achieving low nonspecific protein binding to carbohydrates presented on gold surfaces

The thioctic acid amides of 2ʹ-aminoethyl (alpha)-D-mannopyranoside and 2ʹ-aminoethyl (alpha)-1,3-Dmannopyranosyl ((alpha)-1,6-D-mannopyranosyl)-(alpha)-D-mannopyranoside presented on both planar and nanoparticle gold surfaces give higher specific and lower non-specific protein binding than the related 2ʹ-thioethyl glycosides.