Long-term effect of thj.age and rainfall on herbicide leaching to shallow groundwater

The interaction of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) crop production practices with rainfall on the movement of three herbicides into shallow groundwater was evaluated over 4 yr. Groundwater was sampled from unconfined (< 1.5m deep) and confined (<3 m and 4.5 to 11 m deep) monitoring wells in 1989–1992 and analyzed for atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine . Pesticide concentrations were cyclical: residues were highest soon after application, declined during the growing season, then increased during winter recharge. Alachlor and cyanazine were at nondetectable levels within 3 mo after application. Atrazine residues, present in confined groundwater all year, ranged in concentration between 0.03 to 1.9 and 0.16 to 3.7 ug L−1 for the CT and NT plots, respectively. Herbicide residues were higher in unconfined (< 1.5 m deep) than confined (< 3 m deep) groundwater. Atrazine was sporadically detected in groundwater to 4.6 m, but not deeper. Lateral transport in confined groundwater to untreated areas was evident. The rapid movement of herbicides to groundwater with the first major rain after application suggest that preferential transport may be common. Results of this study also indicate that timing, amount and intensity of rainfall relative to pesticide application may be the primary factors governing pesticide leaching.