Off-site forensic determination of waterborne elemental emissions: a case study at a secondary lead smelter

A multi-element, multi-media analysis of waterborne sediments downstream from a secondary lead smelter is presented. Sediments were collected from a closed municipal storm water drain, an open private storm water conveyance, and a channelized river. Characteristic ratios of lead, antimony, arsenic, and cadmium were found in the samples, which were similar to air and soil samples taken at the same site. Additional elements, some associated with lead–acid batteries and some not, were also found. Significant correlation was found among the concentrations of the majority of these elements.