Evidence for bioaccumulation of PAHs within internal shoot tissues by a halophytic plant artificially exposed to petroleum-polluted sediments

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants of natural and anthropic origins. Despite their poor water solubility, they can be taken up and bioaccumulated by plants. This study was aimed at determining whether the PAHs present in sediments artificially polluted by heavy fuel oil are transferred to shoots of a coastal and edible plant, Salicornia fragilis Ball et Tutin. Bioaccumulation was quantified after a one-week exposure to sediments polluted with 0.2%, 2% and 20% fuel oil (w/w) and over a six-week monitoring at 0.2%. Quantification by GC–MS of PAH amounts in plants and sediments evidenced a bioaccumulation in the shoots by a soil-to-plant transfer through the root system. This bioaccumulation depended on the duration of exposure and on the substratum contamination. PAHs distributions in plants and sediments looked alike with a predominance of low- and medium-weight hydrocarbons. Moreover, high-weight PAHs were also detected in the upper part of plants.