Biomarkers responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to acetochlor exposure in OECD soil

To examine the potential of a suite of biomarkers as early warning indicators of environmental pollution, sperm count, neutral red retention time (NRRT) and DNA damage were measured in earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to increasing concentrations of acetochlor in OECD soil. The neutral red retention time of earthworms coelomocytes was sensitive to acetochlor pollution, and decreased significantly when the concentration was more than 10 mg kg−1 after 30 and 60 days of exposure (P < 0.05). The reduced neutral red retention time correlated with the soil acetochlor residual. Sperm count decreased significantly at the concentrations of 40 and 80 mg kg−1 after 15 days of exposure (P < 0.05). The DNA damage of earthworms coelomocytes increased significantly after 30 days of exposure at the highest concentration (80 mg kg−1; P < 0.05). Earthworms were under physiological stress at field dose of acetochlor (10 mg kg−1). Higher concentrations of acetochlor caused sperm count decrease and DNA damage of earthworms. Such a suite of biomarkers could serve as indicators of the health of the soil environment and to evaluate the toxicity of acetochlor on earthworms or as a means of monitoring soil acetochlor pollution.