The origin of reservoir fluids in the geothermal field of Los Azufres, Mexico — isotopical and hydrological indications

The calculation of hydrological balance resulted in a potential, average annual infiltration rate of 446±206 mm/m2 for the Los Azufres geothermal area, which corresponds to a total of 82×106 m3 per a. Due to the highly fractured and faulted structure of the volcanic formations, a considerable potential for the infiltration of recent meteoric water into deeper sections of the volcanic formations can be assumed. Isotopic data indicate the minor importance of recent meteoric water for the recharge of the geothermal reservoir. Very negative δ13C values can be explained by the input of organic C from the surface, but the lack of 14C in the deep fluids reflects a pre-historic age for the infiltration event of fossil meteoric water. The dilution of the meteoric water by 14C-free CO2 gas from a shallow magma chamber complicates the exact age determination of the infiltration event, which probably occurred during the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene glacial period. Strong water–rock interaction processes, such as sericitization/chloritization, caused the primary brine composition to be camouflaged. A preliminary hydrological model of the reservoir can be postulated as follows: the fossil hydrodynamic system was characterized by the infiltration of meteoric water and mixing with andesitic and/or magmatic water. Strong water–rock interaction processes in the main part of the production zone prove the existence of former active fluid circulation systems. Due to changes in pressure and temperature, the rising fluids get separated into liquid and vapour phases at a depth of 1500 m. After cooling, the main portions of both phases remain within the convective reservoir cycle. Isotope analyses of hot spring waters indicate the direct communication of the reservoir with the surface at some local outcrops. A recent reactivation of the hydrodynamic system is caused by the geothermal production, as indicated by the detection of lateral communication between some production and reinjection wells.