Net-waste-reduction analysis applied to zero-water discharge systems for chromic acid electroplating

Chromic acid recovery and treatment technologies were evaluated to determine total waste produced by alternatives that approach zero- or low-wastewater discharge systems. System boundaries were expanded to account for hidden waste produced by generation of energy required for operation of the recovery technologies. This type of analysis highlights the importance of expanding system boundaries when evaluating pollution prevention options, and demonstrates why zero-discharge electroplating processes may not be environmentally desirable.