Displacement of five metals sorbed on kaolinite during treatment with modified Fentonʹs reagent

The displacement of sorbed metals during the treatment of soils and groundwater with modified Fentonʹs reagent was investigated using five common metal contaminants (cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc) and kaolinite as a model sorbent. Modified Fentonʹs conditions included three H2O2 concentrations (0.9, 1.8, 2.7 M) and two catalysts: soluble iron (III) at pH 3 and iron (III)–NTA chelate at pH 6. Iron (III)-catalyzed Fentonʹs reactions released significant amounts of zinc, cadmium, and copper. Modified Fentonʹs reactions catalyzed by iron (III)–NTA released zinc, cadmium, copper, and lead, and resulted in greater amounts of metals release than the iron (III)-catalyzed reactions. Metals release may have been mediated by transient oxygen species, such as superoxide, generated by propagation reactions, which become dominant at the relatively high hydrogen peroxide concentrations used. Metals release from kaolinite was undetectable when sufficiently low hydrogen peroxide concentrations were maintained to minimize propagation reactions. These results indicate that using dilute concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for Fentonʹs ISCO may minimize potential metals mobility when treating contaminated soils and groundwater containing a mixture of organic and metal contaminants.