Occurrence of ionophore antibiotics in water and sediments of a mixed-landscape watershed

Analytical methods for quantifying three ionophore antibiotics, monensin, salinomycin, and narasin, were developed for water and sediment matrices. Sample preparation was based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to separate and detect the compounds. Recoveries ranged from 83% to 117% for water and from 51% to 105% for sediment in three different concentrations with less than 10% of relative standard deviation. The statistical detection limit was 0.001–0.003 μg/L for water and 0.4–3.6 μg/kg for sediment. Ionophore antibiotics are only used to treat coccidiostats for broilers or turkeys, and to increase growth and feed efficiency for beef and dairy cattle. Since they are not used for human purposes, these compounds can act as markers for the transport of animal pharmaceuticals to the watershed. The occurrence of three ionophore compounds was determined at five sampling sites along the Cache la Poudre River in Northern Colorado representing pristine, urban, and agriculture landscapes. Statistical analysis demonstrates that the measured concentration was significantly different among sampling sites in different sampling events for both water and sediment. In addition, significant differences were observed among different sampling times at each sampling site. Furthermore, all three ionophores were found in the sediments at much higher concentrations than in water indicating the importance of this matrix when determining environmental impacts.