Outbursts in the Be star HR 2501

We use the cannonball (CB) model of gamma ray bursts (GRBs) to predict the spectral and temporal behaviour of their radio afterglows (AGs). A single simple expression describes the AGs at all times and frequencies; its high-frequency limit reproduces the successful CB model predictions for optical and X-ray AGs. We analyze all of the observed radio AGs of GRBs with known redshifts, including those of the exceptionally close-by GRB 980425. We also study in detail the time-evolution of the AGsʹ spectral index. The agreement between theory and observations is excellent, even though the CB model is extremely frugal in the number of parameters required to explain the radio observations. We propose to use the scintillations in the radio AGs of GRBs to verify and measure the hyperluminal speed of their jetted CBs, whose apparent angular velocity is of the same order of magnitude as that of galactic pulsars, consistently measured directly, or via scintillations.