Cardiac pacemakers: Evaluation and management of malfunctions

The emergency physician may be called on at any time to evaluate a patient with a pacemaker. Although current models are very reliable, malfunctions occur. This review discusses the basic components of the antibradycardic pacemaker, which malfunctions can be expected to occur, and how to evaluate an improperly functioning unit. In addition, recommendations for disposition are discussed. (Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:435-440